The former player: 'I hoped to carry on playing'
Important note: This article contains descriptions of racially offensive language and conduct
Ex-England centre Luther Burrell claims that speaking out to reveal racial discrimination in professional rugby led his professional journey to an early end.
In a 2022 interview, Burrell described racism as being "widespread" in the game, displaying digital communications and remembering training ground "comments" he had been exposed to while playing for Newcastle.
At that time 34 and out of contract, Burrell's only professional rugby since has been three appearances with guest team the Barbarians.
"I have definitely had to retire because of what occurred," he explained to reporters.
"I really wanted to carry on competing, naturally I did. I sought that, and it fell through when news came out that there were investigations underway.
"This situation was challenging - I had to simply come to terms with the fate and understand that this entire situation is a lot more important than me."
A rugby governing body report in April 2023 found Burrell's allegations were accurate "on the balance of probability", but said it could not collect enough evidence to categorically say they occurred at Newcastle.
Luther Burrell started all of England's international games in 2014-15, but was controversially overlooked for their team for the 2015 tournament
Burrell told journalists he also faced discrimination within the England set-up, during a Test career that saw him win 15 caps after his debut in 2014.
"I have had several distressing experiences within England camp," he stated.
"Certain instances of discrimination and some just outdated thinking that's really unacceptable."
Racism had become accepted in team environments, in Burrell's view.
"It's something that has been disguised as humour and that's been the problem that I've personally experienced and seen," said Burrell, who is of Jamaican descent.
"Over a extended period you just learn to think that it's the norm and that is fine and that it's not harmful, but that's nonsense."
Burrell explains he was finally motivated to speak out after a team-mate at Newcastle referred to him as a "slave" and instructed him to put sun cream on his wrists and ankles "where chains would be placed."
The governing body said Burrell's disclosures had led to "increased scrutiny at the environment within the professional level and to the implementation of an strategy for the professional game."
"We has placed considerable focus on inclusion and diversity in rugby union and a substantial amount of work completed both prior and since Luther Burrell came forward and shared his experiences of racism and classism," it continued.
"We are continuing work with clubs and stakeholders in the elite level to work for a environment of acceptance but recognize this requires patience and is an ongoing process."
Every Premiership and PWR club now has in-person training on creating welcoming cultures, with its success monitored via specific documentation and feedback.
All England athletes, including age-grade squads, are educated in being "engaged observers" to step in and defend others from harmful behaviour.
"You be so pleased of what you have accomplished," Burrell's mother Joyce said to him as part of the documentary Luther Burrell - Rugby, Racism and Redemption.
"We know it has had this effect on you and finished your career, but in our eyes, you have achieved so well. We are so impressed of you and to have you as a family member."
Burrell's father Geoff passed away shortly after the production of the film, and his sibling died recently.
Burrell, who grew up on a social housing in Huddersfield, maintains his work to make the game more open.
His charitable organization works to reach children in disadvantaged communities and help them succeed both on the pitch with free sports training, guidance and nutrition education.
"My motivations are pure, I want to see the evolution of the game and if nobody else is prepared to share their experience then I'll persist to fight that fight because I'm not just pursuing this for myself," he said.
"Everyone involved have an obligation to make the sport as excellent as it can be and the more I speak about it perhaps the more comfortable others will feel about sharing their own experiences as well.
"I take the bull by the opportunity and keep bearing this banner and continue carrying this weight and accomplish what I can to create opportunities and make the sport more attractive and more welcoming.
"There are a lot of disadvantaged children and a lot of economic hardship and I sincerely believe that the sport has the ability to change their futures, just as it transformed things for me."
Burrell scored a try for the Barbarians on a return to former club Northampton in November 2022